Modern biblical scholarship considers its authorship unknown, perhaps written in deliberate imitation of the style of Paul. Biblical scholars argue that Hebrews was written by a highly educated teacher, one who was well acquainted with the various philosophical debates of the day. The author of Hebrews does not name himself. CrossExamined.org is a non-profit ministry started in 2006 that conducts dynamic I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be An Atheist seminars on college campuses, churches, and high schools. Design By Microhound. Origen is often quoted as saying in reference to the book of Hebrews’ authorship that “in truth, only God knows.” However, a further investigation of Origen’s writings will demonstrate that he believed Paul to have been the author. In (2 Pet 3:15-16), an Epistle that Peter wrote to the Hebrews, it was declared that Paul had also written an Epistle to them: “As our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto him hath written unto you; as also in all his epistles…” There is no evidence that Paul wrote any other Epistle to the Hebrews. By using this site, you agree to our updated, The Historical Reliability of the Gospels, I Still Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist, Articles on Intelligent Design / Evolution, https://bellatorchristi.com/2017/07/17/did-paul-write-all-thirteen-letters-attributed-to-him/, How To Have A Challenging Conversation With Someone You Love, “Immortal: How Death Drives Us” with Clay Jones, A Simple Reason Why The Qur’an Cannot Be The Word of God, 10 Reasons to Accept the Resurrection of Jesus as an Historical Fact. It is possible Paul wrote the book of Hebrews. Hebrews was written for Christians who had been in the church for a while. 1:1, California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Brian Chilton is the founder of BellatorChristi.com and is the host of The Bellator Christi Podcast. The book of Hebrews was probably written shortly after AD 60. The Epistle to the Hebrews, or Letter to the Hebrews, or in the Greek manuscripts, simply To the Hebrews is one of the books of the New Testament. However, scholarly examination shows that the Greek text of Hebrews could not be a translation of a Semitic text — at least as we understand “translation” today — because its rhetorical features would be possible only when composed in Greek. Although long thought to be Paul, the author of Hebrews is in fact unidentified. However, doubt on Pauline authorship in the Roman Church is reported by Eusebius. Because of this, a possible author is Apollos, a native of Alexandria, according to Acts 18:24. The text of the gospel is lost with only fragments of it surviving as brief quotations by the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal writings. Why is St. Paul considered the writer of the book of Hebrews? First and foremost is the lack of a salutation. Unlike the thirteen letters attributed to Paul,[3] Hebrews nowhere identifies Paul nor anyone else as its author. Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? The Best Way White Christians Can Respond to Racial Tensions. Based on evidence such as early New Testament manuscripts attributing Hebrews to Paul, historical Pauline association, and similar theology, the King James Version allowed the title of the book to remain as “The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews.” www.thecloudchurch.org What Are "Signs and Wonders" of the End Times? Luke? The author begins with a reminder of the preexistence, incarnation, and exaltation of Jesus ( Heb 1:3 ) that proclaimed him the climax of God’s word to humanity ( Heb 1:1 – 3 ). 3:21 -5:9) and sanctification (e.g., Rom. Las contradicciones filosóficas de la cosmovisión transgénero, El realismo modal, libre albedrío y el infinito actual en Dark. One twentieth-century scholar named William Manson suggested that Christians who were of the same mind as Stephen brought the Christian message to Alexandria, noting several elements common to Stephen’s speech in Acts 7 that are also shared by the book of Hebrews. [2] But was Paul the author? T he epistle of Hebrews was written to demonstrate to Jews that as great as the Mosaic Law was, as great as the Temple was, as great as the Levitical sacrifices were, Christ was superior (Hebrews 1.1-3, 4-2.18, 3.1-4.13, 4.14-10.18, 10.19-12.29). The text does not mention the name of its author, but was traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle. 4:12a). An even more persuasive argument that the apostle Paul was not the author of Hebrews is the way the author alludes to himself in Hebrews 2:3, stating that the gospel was confirmed “to us” by those who heard the Lord announce salvation. The author was likely a close associate of Paul, The author was able to write in a rhetorically ornate Greek style, The author had become a Christian out of Judaism. Used with permission. In other words, the rejection of Pauline authorship of Hebrews is a long-standing position in the church. - Hebrews 4:11–13 Throughout most of church history, there has been some question as to the identity of the writer of Hebrews. Can Loved Ones in Heaven Look Down on You? It seems unlikely that Paul here in 2:3 would refer to himself as simply someone who received the gospel from those who had heard the Lord. Today, some modern critics still raise the question. More likely than not, the epistle was written sometime during the reign of Emperor Nero (AD 64-68).[1]. 1:1; Col. 1:1; 1 Tim. In truth, only God knows!” (Hist. Get the first chapter of "Stealing From God: Why Atheists Need God to Make Their Case" in PDF. The Book of Hebrews is a strange book. Date: Many scholars believe that Hebrews was written sometime before the destruction of the temple (AD 70). Some have suggested that Luke was its writer. Paul wrote the Book of Hebrews. It seems to have a negative view of the Old Testament (see Heb 10). It is possible Paul wrote the book of Hebrews. For these reasons, Apollos of Alexandria has been a leading contender for the authorship of Hebrews at least as far back as the great Protestant Reformer, Martin Luther, but he has not been the only contender. Article Images Copyright ©. The different ways of writing is to focus attention to a different people. The Gospel of the Hebrews (Greek: τὸ καθ' Ἑβραίους εὐαγγέλιον), or Gospel according to the Hebrews, was a syncretic Jewish–Christian gospel. Apollos? Timothy? 11. mentioned that Barnabas, Paul’s traveling companion on his first mission to the Gentiles, authored Hebrews (Pud. The Apostle Paul has been suggested as the author by some scholars, but the true author remains anonymous. After the fourth century, it was agreed that St. Paul is the writer. 20). As early as 255 AD, church leaders concluded the author of the book was unknown. When Acts 6:1 mentions both Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, the phrase pros tous hebraious is used in that context, the exact phrase by which Hebrews is later known. Unfortunately, Clement didn’t give any other clues regarding who wrote the book. Unfortunately, questions about authorship and the ways some heretical groups misused the book of Hebrews, led some people during the patristic period to doubt if Hebrews should be included in the New Testament Canon. Second, both Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150 – 215) and Origen (AD 185 – 253) claimed a Pauline association for the book but recognized that Paul himself probably did not put pen to paper for this book, even though they did not know the author’s name. The book presents Christ as the final High Priest and eloquently explains the Old Testament sacrificial system in light of the atonement of Christ. [3] See Brian Chilton, “Did Paul Write All Thirteen Letters Attributed to Him?,”BellatorChristi.com (July 17, 2017), retrieved August 1, 2017,https://bellatorchristi.com/2017/07/17/did-paul-write-all-thirteen-letters-attributed-to-him/. Here’s what we know about Apollos from the Bible: We also know from the very early history of the church that Apollos would also fit the memory handed down to both Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150 – 215) and to Origen (AD 185 – 253), who claimed a Pauline association. was over. He was a highly educated Alexandrian who would have been schooled in the literary style exemplified by Hebrews. It begins as an essay , progresses as a sermon , and ends as a letter (Heb 13:23-25). Check your email. This dispute continued till the 4th century when most Christians accepted it as the work of Paul. https://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-general-epistles Many early church leaders believed Paul to have been the author. The letter itself does not state it is to the Hebrews, but it obviously is, given its content. ・ｷ He wrote 13 books of the New Testament. Scholarship and the Epistle to the Hebrews. I used to think Barnabas was the author, but since Barnabas was an early Christian and the author of Hebrews is a second-generation Christian, I no longer think that is the case. Followers of Christ have suffered persecution throughout history. The apostle Paul, for instance, never alludes to Jesus as a priest, which is the major motif of Hebrews. When you consider the wide agreement among biblical scholars about who wrote every other book of the New Testament, it’s a little mysterious that we don’t know who wrote Hebrews. 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph. Stolen property, beatings, imprisonment and martyrdom have been the fate of countless Christians. [1] CSB Study Bible (Nashville: Holman, 2017), 1946. It was written mainly to the Hebrew believers. Many early church leaders believed Paul to have been the author. ), who said, according to Eusebius, “Who wrote the epistle of Hebrews? View of the Hebrews is an 1823 book written by Ethan Smith, a United States Congregationalist minister, who argued that Native Americans were descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.This was a relatively common view during the early nineteenth century, as most Europeans and Americans had a view of history as biblical. Throughout the past several weeks, we have been exploring who the authors of the books of the New Testament were. 'Back To God' Reba McEntire And Lauren Daigle Official Lyric Video, 10 Things You Didn’t Know about the 10 Commandments, For Such a Time as This - Crosswalk the Devotional - January 14, 10 Online Sins We're All Apparently Okay With, Why Commitment Is More Romantic Than Passion - Crosswalk Couples Devotional - January 13, 10 Encouraging Bible Verses about Not Giving Up. Help save a baby's life! Paul? Brian is a Ph.D. student at Liberty University in the Theology and Apologetics program. Was There Really A Census During the Time of Caesar Augustus? It gives six terrifying warnings that seem to indicate believers can lose their salvation. But if Paul did not write the book of Hebrews, the question arises: Is the book of Hebrews doctrinally sound? While many attributed the book to Paul, others thought Barnabas, Apollos, Clement, or Luke to be the author. Author: Here is the million-dollar question; Who wrote the book of Hebrews? “For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword” (Heb. The association of Barnabas with the book of Hebrews may be because he was described as a “son of encouragement” (Acts 4:36), and Hebrews 13:22 describes the letter as a word of encouragement (or exhortation). In fact, in the KJV, you’ll find the title translated as it was found in some manuscripts: “The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews.” The tradition of Pauline authorship continued. Does God Really Close Doors and Open Windows for Us? Let’s look at the Book of Hebrews. The style of Hebrews, except in the closing verses (13:18 -25), is quite unlike any other writing of Paul’s that has survived. It makes little difference who wrote the book of Hebrews. This article originally appeared on ZondervanAcademic.com. It was written approximately 67 A.D. As I have shown, Paul is a false apostle and his words are far from being the infallible word of God. [2] Origen writes, “However, some one hard pressed by this argument may have recourse to the opinion of those who reject this Epistle as not being Paul’s; against whom I must at some other time use other arguments to prove that it is Paul’s.” Origen, A Letter from Origen to Africanus, 9. Support Option Ultrasound! Ancient Rome, the likely location of the people addressed in the book of Hebrews. The apostle Paul always made the point that, even though he wasn’t one of the twelve original disciples who walked with Jesus during his earthly life, he was nonetheless an apostle of Jesus Christ, and usually identifies himself as such in his letters. The intriguing theory presented in more modern times by the German biblical scholar Adolf Harnack argued that Hebrews was written by Priscilla, the woman who, together with her husband, Aquila, was a close associate of Paul’s. 1:1; and 2 Tim. – 254? These connections make it very likely that the author was originally from the Alexandrian church, regardless of where he was when he penned the letter, and regardless of to whom it was originally sent. Letter to the Hebrews, also called Epistle to the Hebrews, abbreviation Hebrews, anonymous New Testament letter traditionally attributed to St. Paul the Apostle but now widely believed to be the work of another Jewish Christian. Neither author nor addressee is mentioned in it. © Copyright 2014 CrossExamined.org. In all likelihood, I believe Luke to have been the author of the book. There are a couple reasons why this might be the case. The author, whomever it may be, had the backing of the apostle Paul and that is why the book was established as canonical as far as apostolic authority is concerned. Luther rejected Pauline authorship, believing that Heb 2:3 proves the book could not have come from Paul. Hebrews has intimidated readers over the centuries. The title "to the Hebrews" only appears in the 2nd century with Clemens of Alexandria (around 150 - 215 AC). Many Christians find it difficult; some equate its difficulty with the book of Revelation. Author: Christopher R Smith The Rev. From this, we can definitively say that the book of Hebrews was written no later than 96 AD, since that’s when Clement quoted it. And so if either Clement or Luke were involved in the production of the extant book of Hebrews, he would have had a very free hand in working with Paul’s material, to the point that he would be an author, not a translator by any modern definition. Purpose: The book of Hebrews exalts Jesus and shows that he is superior to the sacrifices of old. Now, we examine a more mysterious letter. The author’s understanding of the doctrine of salvation was highly compatible with what the apostle Paul taught, though creatively distinctive. He was from Alexandria and traveled in the Apostle Paul’s orbit (, He was taught by Paul’s companions, Priscilla and Aquila (, Paul knew Apollos personally, and encouraged him in his ministry (. Various church fathers and theologians down through the ages have speculated as to the writer of the book of Hebrews. 2) Eusebius (AD 325) Success! Harnack’s argument that Priscilla deliberately disguised her gender by using the masculine gender is sheer speculation, and his theory remains a curiosity of New Testament scholarship. We do not know who wrote the book of Hebrews, though it appears that it was probably Paul. Martin Luther believed it was Apollos. Even centuries earlier in the fourth century, the church of Rome did not believe Paul wrote Hebrews, possibly retaining a latent memory of the actual author (Eusebius, Hist. Although Harnack’s idea generated much discussion in its day, the author refers to himself in Hebrews 11:32, using a masculine participle in the Greek original, and there is no manuscript evidence for a feminine variant reading. Origen is often quoted as saying in reference to the book of Hebrews’ authorship that “in truth, only God knows.” However, a further investigation of Origen’s writings will demonstrate that he believed Paul to have been the author. 20 Great Bible Verses for Kids to Memorize, 5 Powerful Lessons from the Book of Hosea, 2 Cor. eccl. Scholars have proposed Luke, Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Apollos, Timothy, Philip, Peter, Silas, Jude, and Aristion as the authors. Christians who live in peace and safety often compromise their … Bible scholars believe one of the following three people are most likely to have written it. Furthermore, it is doubtful that Timothy had any connection to Alexandria, though that connection may not be necessary. The author does not introduce himself as Paul typically did (cf. And by some reports, Christ's followers are being persecuted more than ever in our own day. The author knew Timothy and referred to him as “our brother” (Hebrews 13:23, CSB) rather than “my son” as Paul did in (1 Timothy 1:2). There was an error submitting your subscription. It is the subject matter of the book which is most important. There are a couple reasons why this might be the case. Moreover, both Paul and the author of Hebrews thought of Abraham as the spiritual father of Christians in similar ways. Many of the thoughts of Hebrews are similar to those found in Paul’s writings: The soteriology of Hebrews is quite consistent with Paul’s own teaching. Original Blog Source: http://bit.ly/2wNTMvu. As evidence of Priscilla’s skill, Luke did not hesitate to record her capabilities as a … Your free resource is on the way! Thus, it would seem as though the writer is a cohort of Paul, perhaps even a second-generation Christian as the writer notes that “salvation had its beginning when it was spoken of by the Lord, and it was confirmed to us by those who heard him” (Hebrews 2:3). Eusebius, the great historian of the church, recognizes that the letter Clement wrote from Rome to the Corinthian church in the late first century contained many allusions to and quotations from Hebrews and notes that on that basis some believed that Clement himself was the translator or author of Hebrews (Hist. Both John Calvin and Martin Luther shared this judgment as far as the sixteenth century. And so if you were ever asked about the authorship of Hebrews, the correct answer is well expressed by the church father Origen (AD 185? For instance, the statement in Hebrews 10:14 that those who have been “made perfect” are in the process of being “made holy” sounds very much like Paul’s teaching on justification (e.g., Rom. Origin also recognized that Paul himself probably did not write Hebrews.[5]. The book of Hebrews is a long list of reasons to cling to Jesus. Who wrote the book of Hebrews? However, though a vast majority of Christians—both and scholars and the laity—still believe Paul wrote the book, there are some tempting reasons to think otherwise. Clement of Alexandria suggests that Paul wrote the book originally in Hebrew and that Luke translated it into Greek, though the Greek of Hebrews bears no resemblance to translation Greek (e.g., that of the Septuagint). 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